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Take Control of Your 802.11n AirPort Network, Second Edition
Make your 802.11n-based AirPort network fast, reliable, and secure!
Find real-world advice from Wi-Fi wizard Glenn Fleishman on setting up a wireless network using Apple's 802.11n-enabled AirPort Express, AirPort Extreme, and Time Capsule base stations, with full information about getting the most from simultaneous dual-band networking. You'll find the answers to questions that otherwise may frustrate you, such as how to choose the best band and channel for your network, use pre-802.11n clients without hurting performance, set up complex Internet addressing, share USB disks and printers, use Lion's AirDrop, secure your network, solve a variety of connection problems, and much, much more (see the "More Info" tab below).
- More Info
- Contents & Intro
- What’s New
- FAQ
- Reader Comments
- Blog
This Take Control book is a must-have for anyone who needs to quickly and easily set up an AirPort network. —Phil Kearney, "father" of Apple's AirPort product line
If you're trying to solve a particular problem, you can jump in and read the topics in this ebook in any order, but if you start at the beginning, you'll learn how Apple's 802.11n gear fits into the world of Wi-Fi networking.
With that background, you'll learn where to position and how to set up base stations, with diagrams showing common network scenarios—see two examples above—and with step-by-step instructions for configuring key Internet sharing and security options and connecting client computers. For those who have funky Internet connections or tricky IP addressing needs, Glenn provides extended advice for creating a working Wi-Fi network.
Glenn provides real-world directions for important scenarios, including:
- AirDrop: Finding out whether Lion’s AirDrop file-transfer feature will work with your Mac’s Wi-Fi hardware
- USB-attached printer: Setting up a USB-based printer on your Wi-Fi network, and connecting to the printer from Mac and Windows computers
- USB-attached drive: Adding and configuring a USB-attached drive to a Time Capsule or AirPort Extreme, with important information about how best to configure client access
- Time Capsule: Setting up a Time Machine backup to a Time Capsule, plus making an archive so you can have an offsite backup of your Time Capsule drive, and how to erase the drive
- Apple TV: Connecting a 2nd-generation Apple TV to your network
- AirPort Express: Streaming music to an AirPort Express and connecting it to your stereo
- Guest network: Creating a separate guest network to give guests Internet access while restricting local resources
- Security: Understanding oft-suggested security approaches that don't work well and implementing measures that are reliable—and easy to use
- Multiple base stations: Configuring multi-base-station networks, whether connected via Ethernet, wirelessly, or a combination
To make your network fly, Glenn helps you:
- Make appropriate band and channel choices
- Extend your network's coverage while handling any interference
- Prevent older clients from bogging you down
If you're trying to solve a problem, you'll find a "Quick Troubleshooting Guide" chapter as well as a rundown of how to interpret what the green, amber, blue, or red light on your base station is trying to tell you (we're aware of at least 11 possibilities!).
You'll also learn several ways to find a MAC address, how to handle bridging, how to set up a software base station and an ad hoc network, and what might be coming in the future with IPv6.
"If anyone knows about real-world Wi-Fi, it's Glenn Fleishman."
—Mark Frauenfelder, co-founder of bOING bOING
Book Info
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About the Author
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Book Reviews
Author Interviews
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Glenn Fleishman is a technology journalist based in Seattle, where he lives with his wife and two sons, both of whom are adept at accidentally pressing the Power button on his laptop.
He’s a contributing editor at
Table of Contents
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Read Me FirstWelcome to Take Control of Your 802.11n AirPort Network, Second Edition. This book helps you install and get the most out of your network using Apple’s AirPort and Time Capsule gear with the 802.11n Wi-Fi networking standard in Mac OS X 10.7 Lion. It also gives advice for 10.5 Leopard, 10.6 Snow Leopard, and Windows 7. It was written by Glenn Fleishman, edited by Tonya Engst, and published by TidBITS Publishing Inc. Who Needs This BookIf you’re setting up, extending, or retooling a Wi-Fi network with one or more 802.11n base stations from Apple—including the AirPort Extreme, AirPort Express, or Time Capsule—with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, this book will help you get the fastest network with the least equipment and fewest roadblocks. This book also has advice on connecting to a Wi-Fi network using older versions of Mac OS X and Windows 7. |
Introduction
Apple introduced integrated wireless networking to the world with AirPort in 1999. Although corporations had already been using forms of wireless networking for warehouse tracking and to connect buildings in large campuses, the costs were high, speeds were low, and complexity was manifest. Other companies were selling similar wireless hardware in 1999, but Apple’s products shot off the shelves due to their relatively low initial price, simple configuration interface, and excellent performance.
AirPort came out of the same approach that allowed Apple to ship the iMac the year before: combining widely available, standard parts in a unique package that provided more value as a whole.
For the first several years, Apple offered Wi-Fi as an option that required an internal plug-in card. A few years ago, however, Wi-Fi became a must-have feature for both desktop machines, like the iMac, and laptops. Apple now builds the fastest flavor of Wi-Fi, called 802.11n, into every Mac it sells, as well as every iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad.
Despite Apple’s 12-year history with wireless networking and the general excellence of their software and support, setting up a wireless network isn’t always a snap. This book helps you set up a wireless network and offers tips to help save time, improve security, extend range, and enjoy a technical edge when working with AirPort.
Although this book focuses on 802.11n AirPort networks, I also cover compatibility and connections with older hardware, and how to connect to 802.11n via Mac OS X 10.7 Lion and Windows 7. I also provide some information to help you use Wi-Fi with 10.6 Snow Leopard and 10.5 Leopard.
I start with wireless basics, move through installation and configuration, explain how to share printers and hard disks, tell you how to connect to a Wi-Fi network, give advice on extending a network’s range and quality, look at using an AirPort Express’s unique features, and finish with how-to information on security for those who want their AirPort networks safe from freeloaders and intruders.
Quick Start to Your AirPort Network
You can read this book from start to finish, and you’ll find that it covers topics like learning about Wi-Fi, unpacking a base station, starting configuration, figuring out the network you want to build, and then configuring that network. More specific cases follow, such as how to add a printer, separating older and newer flavors of Wi-Fi into two separate networks, and securing a network.
Use this Quick Start to get an idea of how you might jump into the book if you are at a particular stage in working with your network, and to find more than one path through the material.
Need a quick solution? Flip ahead a few pages to the Quick Troubleshooting Guide or see Light Reading to learn what the light on your AirPort base station is trying to tell you. Also, you may especially wish to consult Overcome Interference.
Learn wireless basics:
- Get a quick grounding in wireless terminology and technology. See Key Glossary Terms and Learn Wireless Basics.
- Familiarize yourself with Apple and Mac Wi-Fi Gear.
Plan your network:
- For common configurations, see Set Up a Network, and focus on the diagrams and descriptions at the beginning of: New Network, Single Base Station, Extend a Network via Ethernet, Replace an Existing Base Station, and Extend a Network via Wi-Fi.
- For ideas on using the AirPort Express, skim AirPort Express Extras to learn about the features and networking arrangements.
- For more advanced possibilities, consult Connect Multiple Base Stations, and pay special attention to the descriptions and diagrams at the start of Add Access Points via Ethernet and Bridge Wirelessly. Also, note that Appendix C covers creating a Software Base Station and Ad Hoc Networking.
Set up your base station(s):
- Unpack your base station and start down the path of configuring it in Plug In Your Base Station and Get Started. You’ll likely continue in one of these sections:
- Learn how to configure a new network with a single base station. See New Network, Single Base Station.
- For existing networks, find what you need to Extend a Network via Ethernet or Replace an Existing Base Station.
- When wireless is the way to go, learn what you need to extend a network using only Wi-Fi. See Extend a Network via Wi-Fi and Bridge Wirelessly.
- Hook up a larger network with many base stations. See Connect Multiple Base Stations to build a network that spans a house or office connected wirelessly, or via electrical outlets or Ethernet.
- Further configure your network’s LAN settings for fixed addresses or special cases. See Advanced Networking.
- Determine the Band, Channel, and Location for your base station, thus making sure your network reaches as far as you want with the bandwidth you need. For help with concepts used in that section, consult Spectrum Trade-offs.
- Share a printer or a hard drive. See Set Up a Shared USB Printer or Set Up a Shared USB Disk.
- Set up Time Machine backups with a Time Capsule base station. Read Work with Time Capsule.
Connect to your base station:
- Find out how to connect Macs and systems running Windows to a base station in Connect Your Devices.
- Access your network when you’re not physically on it. See Reach Your Network Remotely.
- Access hard drives in and connected to your base station via Back to My Mac. See Access a Base Station via MobileMe.
Add music and video:
- Use the AirPort Express to stream music. See Stream Audio with AirPlay and Share with Airfoil.
- Get jiggy with a video- and audio-streaming set-top box, the Apple TV. See Appendix A: Apple TV and Wi-Fi.
Connect between Macs:
- Understand the new AirDrop peer-to-peer file-transfer feature in Lion, and see if your hardware and situation are a good fit to use it. Read AirDrop.
Secure your network:
- Avoid security tricks that don’t work. Consult Simple Tricks That Don’t Work.
- Apply encryption using the best—and often simplest—method. See Use Built-In Encryption.
- With a 2009 or later AirPort Extreme or Time Capsule, you can Set Up Guest Networking.
Learn still more advanced topics:
- Find out what the future will bring for end-to-end connections with intermediaries in Explore the Internet’s Future with IPv6.
- Stop pulling your hair out over a problem with new firmware you install that doesn’t work. See Revert to Older Firmware.
- Get a few details about special configuration options for AirPort Utility that I don’t cover elsewhere by reading the AirPort Pane topic in Appendix B.
Quick Troubleshooting Guide
If you need quick help, here’s the starting point. I first look at handling a locked-up base station and then give tips for solving a variety of common problems.
Note: Light Reading, a few pages ahead, helps you learn information about a problem by decoding the appearance of a base station’s LED status light.
Reset a Locked-up Base Station
If an AirPort Extreme Base Station, AirPort Express, or Time Capsule neither appears in the Wi-Fi menu as an available network, nor in AirPort Utility as an available base station, try these steps in order:
- Check a local connection: Make sure that the computer running AirPort Utility is on the same local network as the base station. Try connecting the computer via Ethernet to one of the base station’s LAN ports. Try AirPort Utility again.
- Failing a direct Ethernet connection, try power cycling: Remove the power adapter’s plug from the wall socket or remove the end that plugs into the base station. Wait 10 seconds. Plug it back in, and try to connect via AirPort Utility. Everything may be back to normal.
- Failing power cycling, try a factory reset: This step erases any custom settings you’ve made (I recommend backing up these settings; see Create and Manage Profiles).
To reset any of Apple’s three base station models, straighten one end of a paperclip, and with the base station plugged into power, hold down the base station’s reset button with the paperclip end. The reset button is recessed in the rear right of the AirPort Extreme and Time Capsule and next to the audio jack on the AirPort Express; with all three models, the button is beneath the reset symbol, a white arrow reversed out of a gray circle. - Failing a factory reset, try another method to reset the base station: Unplug the base station from power, push in the reset button and hold it down, plug the base station into power, and keep the reset button pressed for at least 20 seconds.
- Failing all the above: Call Apple for return instructions if the unit is still under warranty. If not, it may be time to invest in a new one.
Warning! You might damage the data on the internal drive by unplugging a Time Capsule. Make sure Time Machine backups or other transfers aren’t in progress before you power cycle a Time Capsule—for each computer on your network that uses the Time Capsule, eject any mounted Time Capsule volumes and halt Time Machine backups. The easiest way is via the Time Machine preference pane: flip On to Off. After you power cycle the Time Capsule, you can flip Time Machine back on for each computer.
Other Troubleshooting
Can’t see base station’s network from a device
Did you set the base station to use just the 5 gigahertz (GHz) band? Only Mac models released starting in 2005 with built-in 802.11a or 802.11n can connect.
Or, did you set the base station to allow 802.11n-only connections in 2.4 GHz? Late 2006 and later Macs have 802.11n built in, and the iPhone and iPod touch added it in 2010. It’s also included in all iPad models. For more help, read Determine the Band, Channel, and Location.
Further, computers can sometimes temporarily lose their capability to find Wi-Fi networks—and don’t ask me why! It’s a mystery of many years. Try turning the adapter off and back on—on a Mac, choose Turn Wi-Fi Off from the Wi-Fi menu, and then choose Turn Wi-Fi On. Another common fix is to restart the computer.
Can’t connect to base station’s network; get an error instead
If you can see its network name, try these fixes:
- Did you inadvertently set the base station to allow 802.11n-only connections in the 2.4 GHz band? See Connect Your Devices (look for the first Warning in the chapter).
- Access control may be preventing access. See MAC Address Filtering.
- Interference from other networks may be the problem. Consult Eliminate Conflicting Signals.
Error occurs after connecting to a base station with the correct encryption key
You might be using a Mac with the older AirPort Card with a base station set up with WPA2 encryption. See Turning on WPA/WPA2 Personal.
Can’t connect to a base station via Ethernet in AirPort Utility after selecting it and seeing the summary screen
You might have hit an unusual bug. If you’ve changed the minimum transmission unit (MTU) for your Ethernet adapter to anything but the standard 1,500-byte setting, you need to change it back; or, you can turn off IPv6 networking.
This is rather obscure; Jumbo frames are used to speed network data transfers on gigabit Ethernet networks, but for it to work properly, all devices must support Jumbo frames automatically. Apple’s base stations apparently do not support them.
In the Network system preference pane, select your Ethernet adapter, then click Advanced. In the Hardware view, choose Manually from the Configure pop-up menu, and then Standard (1500) from the MTU pop-up menu. Now, click OK, then click Apply.
Firmware update makes base station act erratically
Try to Revert to Older Firmware.
Network works erratically
Another network might be interfering with yours. See Eliminate Conflicting Signals.
Conflicting signals seem to cause network problems
Read Eliminate Conflicting Signals.
What’s New in Lion and this Second Edition
With Mac OS X 10.7 Lion, Apple has made significant changes in the look and feel of Mac OS X, mostly in features aimed at new users. In comparison, the differences related to AirPort and Wi-Fi are modest.
The most obvious change is that Mac OS X no longer uses the Apple product name “AirPort” to refer to Wi-Fi networking. Apple started offering radio-based wireless networking in 1999 around the time that the “Wi-Fi” term was coined (and trademarked). Now, with Wi-Fi built in everywhere, the term AirPort has become a confusing distraction for new users, and it is ignored by many experienced users.
Wherever you saw the term AirPort in Mac OS X in the past to refer to built-in networking, Wi-Fi now appears. However, Apple still labels two of its three base station models with AirPort—AirPort Extreme and AirPort Express—and AirPort Utility remains available to configure any base station.
Lion has two other Wi-Fi related points worth calling out:
- AirDrop: With this new feature, you can use Wi-Fi to trade files with a nearby Mac running Lion, but without either computer being connected to a Wi-Fi network. AirDrop works only with newer Macs because it requires newer generations of Wi-Fi hardware. Read AirDrop to learn how to use AirDrop and which Macs support it.
- 5 GHz channel options: Lion’s software base station and computer-to-computer networking features now work with 5 GHz channels:
- Apple has offered a software base station, a way to create what is effectively a simple Wi-Fi router in a Macintosh, since before Mac OS X. Before Lion, the feature was restricted to 2.4 GHz channels, even though Apple began adding 5 GHz Wi-Fi to new Mac models in late 2005. With Lion, you can now choose among the four low-power 5 GHz channels to share via 802.11a—not 802.11n. For details, see Software Base Station.
- These same 5 GHz channels are also now available for computer-to-computer networking, which uses a slightly different approach. See Ad Hoc Networking.
Besides the new Lion-related information, changes in this edition include these:
- iOS devices: This edition has more information about Apple’s iOS devices.
- Strong focus on 802.11n: This book has been updated regularly for nearly 6 years, and some material that made sense during the transition from 802.11g (the pre-2007 Wi-Fi standard in AirPort) to 802.11n (this standard began appearing in Apple products in 2007) is no longer useful for folks setting up new networks or upgrading old ones. I’ve removed quite a bit of background information and advice that’s outdated in an all-802.11n world. (If you still use 802.11g gear, it works perfectly well when connected via Ethernet to an 802.11n base station, a technique that I describe in Add Access Points via Ethernet.)
- Newer operating systems: To make the book useful for people using recent versions of Mac OS X and Windows 7, I’ve removed a great deal of now-historical material about versions of Mac OS X before 10.5 Leopard and versions of Windows before Windows 7.
Can I attach a hard drive to an AirPort Express?
P.F. asked: "I have an Airport Express (purchased April 08). I have tried to mount an external drive as an AirDisc, with no success. Does your book take me through the steps?"
Here is Glenn's reply: "The AirPort Express can't handle an external drive. Only the AirPort Extreme and Time Capsule can share USB-attached drives. The Express supports a single printer only. See: http://www.apple.com/airportexpress/features/printing.html. Sorry for the bad news. While it seems like Apple might be being petty at not including hard drive support in the Express, I believe that they keep the price low on that unit while including features nobody else does (dual-band support, etc.) by having a quite low-powered processor. That processor likely can't handle the demands of communicating with a drive while operating as a base station. The processor (or there may be multiples) in the higher-end base stations are more capable."
Do you have an ebook that focuses on older Apple base stations?
We have two older ebooks that focus on the older base stations and that were last updated some time ago, so they are also frozen in time with older versions of Mac OS X. If you purchase this ebook, you can download either of them from the ebook's blog—look near the beginning of ebook's "Read Me First" for information about accessing the Ebook Extras. The two older ebooks are:
Take Control of Your AirPort Network: This is the first of Glenn's AirPort-related ebooks. It describes networking with 802.11b and 802.11g gear, and its descriptions of Mac OS X are from before 10.5 Leopard.
Take Control of Your 802.11n AirPort Network (first edition, version 1.6): Last updated in 2009, this ebook covers the simultaneous dual-band 802.11n base stations that Apple released in 2009. Although its core focus is on 802.11n, it also covers scenarios where you are using 802.11b and 802.11g gear, or where you are mixing older and newer base stations on the same wireless network. It's descriptions of Mac OS X are from before 10.7 Lion. Most of the changes between this version and the second edition that is now for sale relate to removal of content about older versions of Mac OS X and pre-802.11n gear, and the addition of 10.7 Lion content. But (in August 2011) much of this ebook remains useful. It's primary Mac OS X focus is on 10.4 Tiger, 10.5 Leopard, and 10.6 Snow Leopard.
Operating Systems Covered in This Book
Although some older versions of Windows and Mac OS X will work out just fine with this ebook, the ebook gives specific directions for Mac OS X 10.7 Lion and Windows 7. For the most part, 10.5 Leopard and 10.6 Snow Leopard are covered in reasonable detail.
Can I read this ebook on an iPad, iPhone, iPod touch, or Kindle?
There are lots of great ways to read our ebooks on these devices. For more details, please read our latest Device Advice.
Ask a Question
Feel free to ask us or post on our GetSatisfaction site if you have a question about this book!
Phil Kearney, "father" of Apple's AirPort product line, writes:
This "Take Control" book is a must-have for anyone who needs to quickly and easily set up an AirPort network. It is a clean and concise guide to get you past any stumbling blocks you may encounter in the process of configuring your wireless network. Even the more advanced chapters and topics will be a great help to anyone who designs and installs 802.11 networks for a living.
David Travis, a reader who ended up with a blazingly fast network, writes:
I bought the book because I'd just purchased a Time Capsule and I wanted to know (a) if my old Graphite Base Station was now a white elephant and (b) if the older Macs on my home network would prevent me from getting top speed from my new Time Capsule. Glenn's book showed be how to use Airport Utility to set up a 2.4 GHz and a 5 GHz network in parallel, answering both questions. Thanks to that guidance, and the tip about OpenDNS, I now have a blazingly fast Internet connection.
Reader with a zero config problem writes:
Your book saved the day for me. In fact, it saved several days. A Windows laptop connected to my AirPort network via a WEP connection suddenly failed to recognize the AirPort signal. After 2 wasted days of troubleshooting, I thought to consult your ebook.
It described precisely the problem I was having and advised me to restart 'Wireless Zero Configuration.' I was up and running with about two mouse clicks! Many thanks for your on-target advice. I won't be so slow to consult your material in the future. —W.P.
Send Us Your Comments!
How could we not publish such kind words? If you'd like to send us your comments (good or bad, though we hope they're all good), just click the Feedback link on the cover of your copy of the ebook. Be sure to let us know if we can publish your comment. Thanks!
Update Plans
February 1, 2012 -- Now that Apple has released AirPort Utility 6, this ebook could use an update. At the moment, we are figuring out the schedule for the update. Meanwhile, be sure to read the blog post below about what's new in AirPort Utility 6.
—Tonya Engst
AirPort Utility 6 Removes Features, Adds Simplicity
February 1, 2012 --
AirPort Utility has finally been overhauled completely, nearly 13 years after its introduction. The new AirPort Utility 6.0, currently available only for Lion, makes it simpler for average network users to set up Wi-Fi base stations but dramatically reduces the number of options available. For example, it allows you to configure only 802.11n base stations, all of which were released in 2007 or later.
With AirPort Utility 6, you can connect to and configure an 802.11n AirPort base station over iCloud's Back to My Mac. A firmware update was also released for all 802.11n (2007 and later) base stations to add support for iCloud's Back to My Mac remote configuration and remote disk. The firmware update also fixes a few performance issues.
If the new version of AirPort Utility doesn't meet your needs, don't despair. Apple has kept AirPort Utility 5.5.3 available for download. It works with 10.5.7 Leopard and 10.6 Snow Leopard, including supporting base stations with the latest firmware updates. Apple has also updated the 5.x track to version 5.6 for Lion. You can keep both a 5.x version and 6.0 installed on the same machine, although only one may be running at a time.
This Take Control title needs to be updated to explain AirPort Utility 6 (as well as the iOS app). But until Apple pours more functionality into AirPort Utility 6, I recommend sticking with 5.5.3/5.6. I've written an extended explanation of the feature changes for TidBITS, in "AirPort Utility 6.0 Adds iCloud Support but Removes Many Features."
—Glenn Fleishman
Use AirDrop on Any Mac with Lion
November 2, 2011 --
Although Apple says, and this book reiterates, that AirDrop requires Macs with the appropriate internal Wi-Fi hardware in order to work, Glenn has, in fact, found a way to get other Macs working with AirDrop as well. Note, however, that the solution is unsupported by Apple and may vanish in subsequent Mac OS X updates, and that the technique does introduce some security issues. To find out how to broaden the reach of AirDrop, read Glenn's Macworld article Use AirDrop on any Mac with Lion. (And don't just read it for the tip; read the whole thing so you know the limitations and possible consequences involved.)
—Michael E. Cohen
Apple Releases AirPort Utility for iOS 5
October 18, 2011 --
Good news for those who want to change the settings and check on details of Apple's Wi-Fi base stations without having a computer handy. Apple has released the free AirPort Utility app alongside iOS 5. It allows much, but not all, of the same configuration changes you can effect in the desktop version of the software. The biggest difference is a graphical depiction that appears on launch, showing the Apple 802.11n base stations on your network and the connections among them [This difference may seem less different when compared to AirPort Utility 6.0 for the Mac, released in late January 2012. -Tonya]. This launch screen can help you troubleshoot problems by showing status lights (green, yellow, or red) next to units that are having problems.
I wrote up the utility in great depth at Macworld. In a future update to this book, I'll incorporate details about how to use the app, and its limits.
—Glenn Fleishman
Glenn Fleishman Discusses his Latest AirPort Book on MacVoices Podcast
August 30, 2011 --
In the years since Apple introduced the first AirPort equipped laptops in 1999, Wi-Fi has become faster, more powerful, and just about ubiquitous, and networking export Glenn Fleishman has been chronicling it for all of that time. Glenn has just finished his latest Take Control book, "Take Control of Your 802.11n AirPort Network, Second Edition," which covers the most current iterations of this technology, and he joins Chuck Joiner on the popular MacVoices podcast to discuss his book and wireless networking in the age of Mac OS X Lion.
—Michael E. Cohen
Time Capsule Failure Prevention and Resolution
March 19, 2010 --
A recent TidBITS article, Time Capsule Failures: When They Happen and What to Do, discusses a spate of Time Capsule failures, possibly due to overheating. The article makes suggestions for avoiding this problem, and it describes how to best address the problem if it happens. Unfortunately, if your Time Capsule does go belly up, you'll ideally have another backup of your Time Capsule drive, so if you haven't looked into setting one up, this article should give you additional incentive.
—Tonya Engst
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